Galbatorix knew that most humans wouldn’t understand the deeper meaning, but for the elves and dwarves, the capital’s name is an open insult.) Urû’baen then translates as the elders’ grief/sorrow, the elders’ folly, or even the elders’ downfall. Urû is a dwarf word-obvious since the ancient language uses no circumflexes-that means elders or sages. (A side note on Urû’baen: The name is a bastardization coined by Galbatorix. Said properly, the apostrophe makes you spend an extra half-second on Shur’tugal, emphasizing the Riders’ elevated status.In the case of Urû’baen and Ristvak’baen, baen is part of each name, but because it represents such a powerful and complex form of grief, it is set off by the apostrophe. An apostrophe is often introduced into a word that was previously free of one to force a pause or trill and to give it an added layer of importance. For example, elves will trill the double r in Zar’roc, a sound often ignored by humans in favor of the more straightforward method of splitting the name into two parts.Only a few words or names warrant apostrophes in the ancient language. An apostrophe signifies either a pause or-if the apostrophe is situated between two r’s-a trill in a word.In addition to the canon resources below, click here to see a complete grammar of the ancient language, put together by fans in the Netherlands.

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